Substance Abuse and Addiction Essay - 1957 Words

Introduction Substance abuse and addiction have become a social problem that afflicts millions of individuals and disrupts the lives of their families and friends. Just one example reveals the extent of the problem: in the United States each year, more women and men die of smoking related lung cancer than of colon, breast and prostate cancers combined (Kola Kruszynski, 2010). In addition to the personal impact of so much illness and early death, there are dire social costs: huge expenses for medical and social services; millions of hours lost in the workplace; elevated rates of crime associated with illicit drugs; and scores of children who are damaged by their parents’ substance abuse behavior (Lee, 2010). This paper will look at†¦show more content†¦However, the â€Å"Just Say No† campaign championed by former U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan in the 1980s did not appear to significantly reduce drug abuse and addiction (Padgett, 2010). The disease model: This theory states that an individual who abuses drugs requires medical treatment rather than moral punishment or exhortation. This theory also justifies spending money to research substance abuse in the same way that money is spent to research other diseases. However, usually the term disease is reserved for a state in which we can identify an abnormal biochemical or physical condition. No abnormal biochemical or physical condition has been found in the case of substance addiction, although mounting evidence suggests that some individuals are genetically predisposed to addiction more so than others. Nevertheless, this theory continues to appeal to researchers, and an intensive effort is always being made to identify the physiological â€Å"switch† that establishes addiction after exposure to a drug (Lee, 2010). The physical dependence model: This theory, sometimes referred to as the withdrawal avoidance model, is based on the unpleasant withdraw symptoms that can occur when an individual stops taking a drug that they used rather frequently. The specific withdrawal symptoms depend on the drug, but they are often the opposite effect produced by the drug itself. For instance, the withdrawal symptoms of cannabis include irritability,Show MoreRelatedAddiction And Substance Abuse And Addiction Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesNational Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, addiction is defined as a chronic, complex disease which affects the functioning of the ones brain and body (â€Å"What is Addiction,† n.d.). There are more people struggling with abuse and addiction than people that have cancer, heart disease, or even cancer (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,† n.d.). The abuse or addiction of alcohol, nicotine, or other drugs has affected the lives of over 40 million Americans, or more than one in seven people (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,†Read MoreAddiction : Substance Abuse And Addiction1602 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatly by substance abuse and addiction. Not only does it hurt the abuser directly, but it also becomes an enormous financial and social burden on society. Addiction wrecks families, and also highly correlates with poverty because the drug abuser ends up giving everything that they have to keep their addiction going. It also places extraordinarily high demands on the education, criminal justice, and social service systems. Children and babies both are dangerously impacted by the addiction of theirRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Addiction1626 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Substance abuse is an addiction and it is the addition, which is referred to a chronic disease. It is this chronic disease that is a significant and growing issue, especially among family units where either one or two parents and/or parental guardians suffer from. Despite the various and complex reasons that cause the parents or parental guardians to abuse substances, it is their children who suffer thus, significantly affecting the parent/parental guardian and child bonding relationshipRead MoreBehavioral Addictions And Substance Abuse Addictions994 Words   |  4 PagesStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) added gambling disorder to the category titled Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2013) In the previous edition of the DSM, gambling, along with other behavioral addictions were in the Impulse Control Disorders category of the DSM-III and DSM-IV (Clark, 2014). Behavioral Addictions are s aid to be around for hundreds of years. For example, gambling was part of daily life in ancientRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction Counselor1393 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Addiction Counselor Substance abuse as well as addiction is a topic many people choose to ignore or tend to believe that it does not affect them. Addiction itself does not seek out certain types of people but can affect anyone, at any time, for any reason. Stress, per pressure, financial trouble, even genetics all play a role in substance abuse and addiction. Unlike others, I don’t see substance abusers as weak willed but instead in need of guidance and someone to talk to aboutRead MoreIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. Substance abuse can lead to domestic violence, child abuse, suicide, crime, automobile accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy. A particular area of concern of drug use and abuse is the impact of methamphetamine (meth) labs on public safety and the environmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Substance Abuse And Addiction752 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching other uses for this substance until he learned its addictive qualities. Even after he stopped promoting cocaine publically and considered this simply a chapter in his life, his usage did not stop entirely as he continued to use for various expressed reasons. Even in the background of this very subject substance abuse and addiction can be seen whether through research for the greater good that went bad or just addiction in its simple state. Addiction is something that has been an issueRead MoreDrug Addiction And Substance Abuse1808 Words   |  8 PagesAn addict may ask why they are addicted, and others are not. What makes them different, that this disease has taken over their life? Addiction includes biological, psychological, and behavioral factors. It is very dangerous emotionally, psychologically, and physically. Drug addiction or substance abuse is an ongoing uncontrollable need to use drugs, despite the harmful or negative consequences it causes. The person depends on drugs to keep functioning normally as the natural chemical balanceRead MoreSubstance Addictions and Abuse Counseling3641 Words   |  15 Pages Substance Abuse and Addictions Counseling Bristina Strzelecki Liberty University Abstract Substance abuse and addictions counseling is a newer counseling field. Although it is fairly new, there is so much research and so many guidelines to help someone make it through as a substance abuse and addictions counselor. It holds a great importance and people should be aware of the severity of substance abuse and addiction. This field has severalRead MoreThe Addiction Epidemic Of Substance Abuse Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Addiction Epidemic The use of substances for physical, mind and social advantage has been around since the beginning of documented history. Contemporary use of prescription medication for these advantages has led to a national epidemic of substance abuse. Health care providers need to recognize the disease process of addiction in order to effectively combat the growing epidemic of substance use disorders (SUD). Strategies to decrease the prevalence and incidence of SUD include defining addiction

Sibling Rivalry (330 words) Essay Example For Students

Sibling Rivalry (330 words) Essay Sibling RivalrySibling RivalrySibling rivalry is as natural as the human tendency to solve problems through war and bloodshed. Throughout time siblings have competed against each other in every matter imaginable. These competitions sometimes result in happy, memorable times and sometime cause life altering consequences. The causes of the rivalry seem to be about differences in personality, people and experiences outside the family, or the need to be distinguished. It is particularly intense when siblings are very close in age or desire the same thing. No sibling rivalry among mortals or immortals was more well-known, more violent, and lengthy than the rivalry between Ares and Athena. Ares was the god of war and his half-sister Athena was the goddess of war. They share Zeus, the king of the gods, as their father.Ares mother is the queen of the gods, Hera, while Athenas mother was the titan Metis. Both of them held powers in the different aspects of war. Ares was the god of war who in detail was more interested in the bloodshed, fear, and savagery of warfare. He is portrayed as a ruthless god with power which he uses to strike fear into the hearts of his enemies and he uses a barbaric fighting style. His lack of cleverness, wisdom, and over dependence on raw power made him easily outwitted. However Athena was a skilled fighter who enjoyed the intellectual side of war. She, unlike Ares, had principles such as justice, wisdom, and courage. She was interested in planning, tactics, and deliberate moves forward to execute a strategic war. She was worshipped in many cities of the Greeks who, due to her wise skills and love of peace, favored her more than the barbaric Are s. The great city state of Athens was named after Athena and the Parthenon was built in her honor. Ares however was worshipped by the militaristic city-state of Sparta and by the women warriors called the Amazons. Because of their different approaches to

Trade Pattern of Pakistan Essay Example

Trade Pattern of Pakistan Paper TRADE PATTERN OF PAKISTAN TRADE At the international level, trade means both export and import. The word Export can be defined as commercial sale of goods, services and financial assets in the international market. Export refers to the value of goods and non-factor services that one country produces and sells to the rest of the world. It includes merchandise, freight, insurance, travel, and other non-factor services whereas the repetition of the same phenomena with the intention of purchasing from the international market is declared as imports International Trade of Pakistan (an overview): The nature of foreign trade gives a fairly good indication of pattern and nature of  economies. As this sector has proved itself as a driving force in the development, we can distinguish developing countries from developed ones based upon their volume of  trade. Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on August 14, 1947. In the beginning, it was a poor and agricultural based economy but now the conditions are different and Pakistan is on the track of development. According to the most recent statistics, Pakistans GDP is US$161. 9 billion and the share of Pakistan in international trade0. 22%, hence Pakistan is considered a small country in international market. In the early years, potential of available resources could not be exploited in a better  way, which later on, proved a major factor for slowing down the pace of development. That sluggish development resulted in small exportable surpluses, which delayed the stage of quantum development in Pakistan. In 1950-51 Pakistan exported products worth of 1343 million rupees whereas during the decade of 1950s, exports decreased by 43. 18%. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Pattern of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Pattern of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Pattern of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, in the decade of development under Ayub Khans regime, industry was established and nature of production changed, so did that of trade. In 1960-61exports were recorded as Rs. 763 million, showing a declining trend earlier on but shortly regained the momentum and during the decade of 1960s exports increased by 161. 88% The pattern of trade took a different shape after 1971, when Bangladesh was created, because the contribution of East Pakistan in Pakistans trade and foreign exchange had been quite substantial. In the decade of 1970s exports increased from Rs. 1. 99 billion to Rs. 29. 28 billion and reached at Rs. 138. 8 billion in the 1990-91. The figure rose up toRs. 560. 94 billion in the year 2001-02 whereas according to the most recent statistics, in the year 2003-04, Pakistans exports are recorded as $10 billion showing an increase of  13. 1% from the last fiscal year. PAKISTANS PATTERN OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE If we look back at the trade of Pakistan, we find that except for first decade, our exports have ever increased, but Alas! We could not cut down our imports; hence the result is negative trade balance. Except for 1950-51 and 1972-73, the balance of trade has been negative, implying that Pakistan always imported more than its exports. Even then exports have made a large contribution to the economy of Pakistan and have proved to be the backbone of the economy. The composition of Pakistani exports has changed significantly over the years. The principal changes have been the steep fall in the shares of primary and semi manufactured exports and equally sharp increase in the share of manufactured exports. In the early years, share of primary goods was more than semi manufactured and manufactured goods. In the very beginning, 99% of Pakistani exports were made up of  just five primary commodities i. . raw jute, raw cotton, raw wool, hides and tea. So, Pakistan fits the classical case of an unindustrialized, undeveloped country, in the very early years producing and exporting only primary products and mainly dependent on climatic conditions. Over the time, the pattern of trade changes as countries move from primary products to finished manufactured goods and their imports change from consumer goods to capital goods. Si milarly, changes began to occur in the pattern of exports from Pakistan as economic policies shifted towards industrialization. By 1951-52, the five main primary commodities contributed 93% in export earnings, which by 1958-59 had fallen to 75% and further to 45% in 1971-72. It continued decreasing and it was recorded as 19% in1991-92 and according to the most recent statistics, the share of primary commodities, semi manufactured and manufactured goods in the year 2003-04 is 10%, 12% and78%, respectively CRITICAL REVIEW OF PAKISTANS TRADE PATTERN Although, we have made much progress in our exports but even yet we have to walk for  a long distance on the way of progress. Our exports, like other eveloping countries, are facing several hurdles in the way of development. For instance, production efficiency of  Pakistani industry is low and per unit cost is very high, hence our goods are not being efficiently demanded at local market as well as in international market because of their  high prices. Stagnation in the economy and recession in production activity cause fewer  exports. There is a great dearth of foreign direct investment in Pakistan due to which new industries cant be established and flourished. Pakistan is facing the problem of export concentration both in terms of products and markets. This situation can be explained with the fact that Pakistani exports are highly concentrated in 5 commodities and to 7countries only. Moreover, lesser value addition and exports of traditional items caused trade deficit. Exchange rate also affects the quality of exports. Continuous devaluation in the era of 90s caused an increase in exports but at the same time, no attention was paid to developing and flourishing the industry, hence the result was increase in imports. Furthermore, the devaluation of rupee has inflated production cost of export commodities. Political instability, religious fanaticism with kidnapping and murder of foreign personnel in Pakistan, has caused threats to foreign investment. Now with the efforts of present government, we have almost regained the confidence of foreign investor, which was shattered when we seized the foreign currency accounts in June 1998. After that FDI became more difficult and bumpy due to 9/11 and murder of some Chinese engineers On the other side, Pakistani exports are highly concentrated in a few items namely cotton, leather, rice, and synthetic textiles and sports goods. These five categories of  exports accounted for about 79. 8% of total exports during 2003-04. Among these categories cotton group alone contributed 62. 5%, followed by leather 5. 3%, rice 5. 2%,synthetic textile 4. 2% and sports goods 2. 6%. The degree of concentration of these items during 2003-04 remained closed to the last years level. Furthermore, concentration of exports in a few items is a major source of instability in export earnings. A poor cotton crop seriously affects total export proceeds, as it has been observed several times in the past. Cotton always has been a major export of Pakistan with62. 5% share in total exports in 2003-04, while in 1990-91 it was 61. 0%. Pakistan is trading with large number of countries but its exports and imports are highly concentrated in few countries slightly above one half of exports went to seven countries namely: USA, Hong Kong, Dubai, Japan, Germany, UK and Saudi Arabia. Among these countries the share of Pakistani exports to USA has been rising while that of Japan has exhibited a continuous decline, mainly on account of a protected recession in the Japanese economy. In 1990-91, major markets of Pakistani exports like USA contributed 10. 8%share in total exports and Germany, Japan, UK, Hong Kong, Dubai and Saudi Arabia contributed 8. 9, 8. 3, 7. 3, 6. 0, 2. 8, and 3. 6% respectively. These seven markets contributed a total share of 47. 7%. By and large, the same trend continued during 2003-04, having total share of 52. 8% by these countries including 23. 6% by US,5. 0 by Germany, 1. 1 by Japan, 7. 5 by UK, 4. 9 by Hong Kong, 7. 7 by Dubai and 3% by Saudi Arabia

Oliver Goldsmiths Classic Essay on the Man in Black

Oliver Goldsmith's Classic Essay on the Man in Black Best known for his comic play She Stoops to Conquer and the novel The Vicar of Wakefield, Oliver Goldsmith was also one of the most prominent essayists of the 18th century. The Character of the Man in Black (originally published in the Public Ledger) appears in Goldsmiths most popular essay collection, The Citizen of the World. Though Goldsmith said that the Man in Black was modeled on his father, an Anglican curate, more than one critic has observed that the character bears a striking resemblance to the author: In fact, Goldsmith himself seems to have had difficulty reconciling his philosophic opposition to charity with his own tenderness toward the poorthe conservative with the man of feeling. . . . As foolishly luxurious as Goldsmith may have considered [the Man in Blacks] behavior, he apparently found it natural and almost unavoidable for a man of sentiment.(Richard C. Taylor, Goldsmith as Journalist . Associated University Presses, 1993) After reading The Character of the Man in Black, you may find it worthwhile to compare the essay with Goldsmiths A City Night-Piece and with George Orwells Why Are Beggars Despised? Letter 26: The Character of the Man in Black, With Some Instances of His Inconsistent Conduct To the Same. 1 Though fond of many acquaintances, I desire an intimacy only with a few. The Man in Black, whom I have often mentioned, is one whose friendship I could wish to acquire, because he possesses my esteem. His manners, it is true, are tinctured with some strange inconsistencies; and he may be justly termed a humorist in a nation of humorists. Though he is generous even to profusion, he affects to be thought a prodigy of parsimony and prudence; though his conversation be replete with the most sordid and selfish maxims, his heart is dilated with the most unbounded love. I have known him profess himself a man-hater, while his cheek was glowing with compassion; and, while his looks were softened into pity, I have heard him use the language of the most unbounded ill-nature. Some affect humanity and tenderness, others boast of having such dispositions from nature; but he is the only man I ever knew who seemed ashamed of his natural benevolence. He takes as much pains to hide his feelings, as any hypocrite would to conceal his indifference; but on every unguarded moment the mask drops off, and reveals him to the most superficial observer. 2 In one of our late excursions into the country, happening to discourse upon the provision that was made for the poor in England, he seemed amazed how any of his countrymen could be so foolishly weak as to relieve occasional objects of charity, when the laws had made such ample provision for their support. In every parish-house, says he, the poor are supplied with food, clothes, fire, and a bed to lie on; they want no more, I desire no more myself; yet still they seem discontented. I am surprised at the inactivity of our magistrates in not taking up such vagrants, who are only a weight upon the industrious; I am surprised that the people are found to relieve them, when they must be at the same time sensible that it in some measure encourages idleness, extravagance, and imposture. Were I to advise any man for whom I had the least regard, I would caution him by all means not to be imposed upon by their false pretences; let me assure you, sir, they are imposters, every one of them; and rather merit a prison than relief. 3 He was proceeding in this strain earnestly, to dissuade me from an imprudence of which I am seldom guilty, when an old man, who still had about him the remnants of tattered finery, implored our compassion. He assured us that he was no common beggar, but forced into the shameful profession to support a dying wife and five hungry children. Being prepossessed against such falsehoods, his story had not the least influence upon me; but it was quite otherwise with the Man in Black: I could see it visibly operate upon his countenance, and effectually interrupt his harangue. I could easily perceive, that his heart burned to relieve the five starving children, but he seemed ashamed to discover his weakness to me. While he thus hesitated between compassion and pride, I pretended to look another way, and he seized this opportunity of giving the poor petitioner a piece of silver, bidding him at the same time, in order that I should hear, go work for his bread, and not tease passengers with suc h impertinent falsehoods for the future. 4 As he had fancied himself quite unperceived, he continued, as we proceeded, to rail against beggars with as much animosity as before: he threw in some episodes on his own amazing prudence and economy, with his profound skill in discovering impostors; he explained the manner in which he would deal with beggars, were he a magistrate; hinted at enlarging some of the prisons for their reception, and told two stories of ladies that were robbed by beggarmen. He was beginning a third to the same purpose, when a sailor with a wooden leg once more crossed our walks, desiring our pity, and blessing our limbs. I was for going on without taking any notice, but my friend looking wistfully upon the poor petitioner, bid me stop, and he would show me with how much ease he could at any time detect an impostor. 5 He now, therefore, assumed a look of importance, and in an angry tone began to examine the sailor, demanding in what engagement he was thus disabled and rendered unfit for service. The sailor replied in a tone as angrily as he, that he had been an officer on board a private ship of war, and that he had lost his leg abroad, in defence of those who did nothing at home. At this reply, all my friends importance vanished in a moment; he had not a single question more to ask: he now only studied what method he should take to relieve him unobserved. He had, however, no easy part to act, as he was obliged to preserve the appearance of ill-nature before me, and yet relieve himself by relieving the sailor. Casting, therefore, a furious look upon some bundles of chips which the fellow carried in a string at his back, my friend demanded how he sold his matches; but, not waiting for a reply, desired in a surly tone to have a shillings worth. The sailor seemed at first surprised at his demand, b ut soon recollected himself, and presenting his whole bundle, Here master, says he, take all my cargo, and a blessing into the bargain. 6 It is impossible to describe with what an air of triumph my friend marched off with his new purchase: he assured me that he was firmly of opinion that those fellows must have stolen their goods who could thus afford to sell them for half value. He informed me of several different uses to which those chips might be applied; he expatiated largely upon the savings that would result from lighting candles with a match, instead of thrusting them into the fire. He averred, that he would as soon have parted with a tooth as his money to those vagabonds, unless for some valuable consideration. I cannot tell how long this panegyric upon frugality and matches might have continued, had not his attention been called off by another object more distressful than either of the former. A woman in rags, with one child in her arms, and another on her back, was attempting to sing ballads, but with such a mournful voice that it was difficult to determine whether she was singing or crying. A wretch, who i n the deepest distress still aimed at good-humour, was an object my friend was by no means capable of withstanding: his vivacity and his discourse were instantly interrupted; upon this occasion his very dissimulation had forsaken him. Even in my presence he immediately applied his hands to his pockets, in order to relieve her; but guess his confusion, when he found he had already given away all the money he carried about him to former objects. The misery painted in the womans visage was not half so strongly expressed as the agony in his. He continued to search for some time, but to no purpose, till, at length recollecting himself, with a face of ineffable good-nature, as he had no money, he put into her hands his shillings worth of matches.

Allowing Guns on Campus Will Prevent Shootings, Rape

A graduate student leaving an evening class walks along the poorly lit sidewalk to the parking lot—it is a long, cold walk in the pitch-black night, and the student grows wary as shadows begin lurking in the distance. Suddenly, someone jumps out in front of the student, immediately threatening her with force. Before the student can react, she is raped and robbed. This is a very scary scenario, and one that happens on the SCSU campus every year. It seems like every week we get an e-mail citing another attack on students somewhere on or near campus. However, all of these attacks could be prevented if we allow students to carry guns as a means of self-defense. Although safety is my biggest concern, there are other arguments that point to this solution as well. First, it is our Second Amendment right to bear arms. Although debates have gone on about how it should be interpreted, I believe it means that if law abiding, trained and eligible citizens would like to carry a gun with them in self-defense, they should be able to. Right now, that does not include campus. â€Å"The law, as it stands now, does not prohibit carry on campus,† said Terence McCloskey, SCSU campus leader for Students for Concealed Carry on Campus (SCCC). â€Å"It allows universities to establish rules restricting carry on campus by students and staff. † According to the March 2007 Safety and Security bulletin in section 2. 1, â€Å"Alcoholic beverages, non-regulated drugs, explosives, guns and ammunition are not permitted on SCSU property. † This rule, I believe, is a violation of my Second Amendment rights. The second reason guns should be allowed is because it will give students, such as the one in the scenario, a sense of security and comfort when they are in a normally uncomfortable situation or area. The opposition would say that although the person with the gun is comfortable, it makes others around that person uncomfortable or afraid to speak up in class. Well, let me ask you this: How often do you feel uncomfortable or scared about someone near you having a gun when you go to a movie theater? Probably not too often. However, McCloskey said that 1 percent of Minnesotans have a permit to carry guns. â€Å"That means that every time they go to a movie theater with around 200 people inside, they are sitting with two people that are carrying a gun,† McCloskey said. There are people all around us that have guns, and it seems to be handled just fine. After all, the 1 percent that do carry guns have to meet certain requirements—guns are not handed out to just anyone. Minnesota law requires everyone to have a permit in order to own a handgun, and to obtain one you must be 21 years of age, be a U. S.  citizen, have training in the safe use of a pistol, not be a felon, not have a domestic violence offense in the last 10 years, not be a person convicted of stalking, as well as many other restrictions. You can find these laws on the State of Minnesota Web site. The final reason that guns should be allowed to be carried by students who obtain a permit is that it could prevent a tragic shooting like the one at Virginia Tech a couple of years ago. â€Å"Our best and our brightest are in an unprotected environment and are essentially being led to the slaughter,† said Keith Moum in an article in the Missourian. â€Å"It’s not as graphic as that, but it clearly shows that there is an element out there that has targeted college students. † If guns had been allowed on that campus, that tragedy may have been least minimized. So, in order to make the SCSU campus and other campuses nationwide a safe, comfortable environment for everyone, we need to allow the ability to carry a gun on campus. Not only will it make a student carrying a gun feel safe, it can prevent a tragic shooting, a robbery, or a rape. It is our right. Let us exercise it.

Organization Theory Synthesis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organization Theory Synthesis - Term Paper Example The nature of management is described in its ability to get people to work together in order to accomplish specific goals and objectives through the use of resources to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. The basic principle in management is the ability to guide people through processes within the organization in order to achieve specific goals (Adair, 2007). Scholars argue that people are what make an organization and thus it is impossible to talk about organizations without looking at people. To manage these people and resources, therefore, requires the ability to plan, control, organize, staff and lead in order to achieve efficiency (Anaeto, 2010). Over the years, a number of theories have been advanced on how to manage people. Classical theories emphasized that specifically designed formal structures and a consistent, rigid organizational network of employees are most important in having an organization running well and achieve its goals. Thus these theories looked at employees holding specific jobs and being guided on what to do. Independence on the part of the employee was very minimal. These theories do not worry about how people feel about the jobs but rather performance was quantifiable and paramount in operations. Such theories include the scientific management theory proposed by Frederick Taylor (French, Rayner, Rees, & Rumbles, 2011). The shortcomings in these theories made scholars come up with other theories that considered the human element of employees. These theories thus centered on people’s attitudes and motivations as the key to getting employees to work better. These theories argued that employees who are satisfied with their jobs feel indebted to their employers and will show appreciation by being more productive. Such is the basis for Theory X and Y that shows the transition from the scientific management to the human aspect of management (Crispen Chipunza, 2011). Managing people and resources thus requires the implementation of a specific organization design that will support the systems and processes in place.  

Martin Scorceses The Gangs of New York Movie Review

Martin Scorceses The Gangs of New York - Movie Review Example Ken Burns' genius was to bring those photographs together in almost a cinematic way to make the war, and the people involved, more real. Scorcese's movie, although it takes place during the Civil War, is really not about that War at all. It is more about the earlier- and later-arrived Irishmen, and how they inculcated themselves into a hierarchical society in New York City. The first great Irish immigration wave was during the building of the Erie Canal in the 1820's. Most of the Irishmen who were already there and under the leadership of Bill "The Butcher" Cutting were part of the 1840's Irish potato famine crowd-a rough time for Irishmen to enter the U.S. as there were few jobs after the depression of 1848, and an actively hostile reception both from established Irishmen and the WASP's who controlled the political machinery of New York. Since Scorcese's movie focuses on the tension between "old" Irish and newly-arrived Irishmen, led by Leonardo DiCaprio's Amsterdam Vallon, the Draft Riots of 1863 are an inconvenient truth whose underlying issues are ignored in the movie. Without a knowledge of the actual historical events of the time, and only viewing the movie, one might be led to believe that the riots were about old versus new immigrants, contained by a WASP police force under the leadership of Boss Tweed. The reality was quite different: General USS Grant and President Lincoln needed hundreds of thousands of troops in order to maintain a numerical superiority over the South, and they regarded the Irish immigrants of New York as a ready source of human capital for the war. Those in New York who had few roots in the American culture did not want to throw themselves in front of Gattling guns and cannons on battlefields like Gettysburg and Appomatox. So how was the "truth" injured by Scorcese's movie One might argue that he should have chosen a different era, perhaps before the Civil War and not related to the Draft Riots, to exploit the tension between old and new Irish immigrants. While the plot could have been truer to historical fact, the tension of the plot might not be there. Scorcese needed to have a dramatic tension, a build-up, in his movie, leading to an apocalyptic riot where all of New York was burning. The 1863 riots provided that dramatic backdrop, one which would not have been available in the past. As contrasted to other movies covering the same time period, "Gangs of New York" offers three original contributions: (1) it features a part of the population during the Civil War that was not at the front lines, (2) it gives a young person's perspective, as compared to the older, in-charge leaders such as Boss Tweed and Lincoln, and (3) it is a group pastiche, rather than a concentration on one leader, such as is found in "Glory." Perhaps the best comparison to "Gangs of New York" is the epic "Birth of a Nation" by D.W. Griffiths (1915). Like "Gangs," "Nation" was an ensemble piece, one which explored not just the leaders of movements, but the underlying motivations behind the resentments and conflicts-in this case, between blacks and whites at the time of the Civil War and just after. Of course,