Blood Brain Barrier Essay -- Biology

The mind is penetrated by an immense system of little veins called vessels so small and dainty that platelets need to go through in single document. In the mind alone there are sufficient vessels that on the off chance that you laid them hard and fast start to finish they would extend from Tucson to Tijuana. These vessels are encircled by a solitary layer of cells. That layer of cells shapes a hindrance between the vessels and the cells and liquid of the mind. These boundary shaping cells are classified endothelial cells. You can consider endothelial an equivalent word for lining or even just hindrance. At the point when we utilize the expression Blood Brain Barrier, (which for evident reasons we'll allude to as BBB starting now and into the foreseeable future!), we're discussing these endothelial (boundary) cells all things considered. Capacity of the BBB The cell films of the BBB contain transport proteins. In the event that the mind is a dance club, the vehicle proteins are bouncers. They choose who gets in, and who gets kicked out. On this site we'll be acquainting you with the most significant vehicle proteins-OATP, MDR1, and MDR2. Try not to let all the abbreviations threaten you-read cautiously and you'll be fine. On the off chance that the club/bouncer similarity doesn't work for you, you could likewise consider them little vacuum siphons and blowers. An incredibly point by point perspective on their genuine systems is past current information. Significance of the BBB Without the BBB, bothersome atoms could openly diffuse from the vessels to the liquid that encompasses the synapses. These unfortunate atoms include: Poisons harms taken in from nature. Particles that may disturb the fragile electrochemical angles of the cerebral liquid. ACIDS and BASES-that may disturb the cerebral ... ...aks down the BBB, so the mice contaminated with GBS without this poison grew less bacterial meningitis than those tainted with the ordinary GBS. - Doran says: Ââ€Å"These discoveries exhibit a novel capacity of the blood-mind obstruction, to go about as a guard that recognizes the danger of a bacterial pathogen and reacts by setting off a resistant reaction to clear the disease. 3. Neuwalt-Researches treatment of cerebrum tumors with chemotherapy, hard in light of the BBB (regular safeguard against substance transport into the mind) acquaintance of synthetic substances with the cerebrum by contracting endothelial cells that make up the BBB with a concentrated sugar arrangement that makes holes in the BBB permitting synthetic compounds to enter (called Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Therapy) venture ten times to a hundredfold more fruitful than ordinary chemotherapy and intra-blood vessel chemotherapy (Neuwalt, 1998)

A short story †Behind the Canvas Free Essays

Behind the canvas the shadow posed a potential threat and perilous. The head was colossal and it was by all accounts gliding noticeable all around. The feet, insofar as kayaks, would rise and fall as the other prolonged shadow climbed towards the highest point of the tent. We will compose a custom article test on A short story †Behind the Canvas or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now As John entered the tent, the head burst. It was an inflatable, a senseless whimsical trick. The shadow, a dainty multi year old. Falling on his mates in giggling, John began to come round from his ever-enduring chuckling fit. â€Å"That was the most noticeably awful beast I’ve ever seen,† giggled James. † It wasn’t as terrible as your go yesterday!† laughed David. â€Å"OK, however you need to state that that was horrendous David,† James expressed. † Time for some genuine stories I think.† â€Å"Not apparition stories, James they’re boring,† cried John. â€Å"Not an apparition story, John, a genuine story†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The time was 2-45pm and there was just fifteen minutes until kick-off and the street was abandoned. A bit of tumbleweed blew over the asphalt. A cumbersome shadow pressed under the meager obstructions and a tall, stout moderately aged man was strolling over the street towards the ground. Close by his child, a thin multi year old. They hurried through the bustling traffic and into the long ceaseless way, which mirrored seeing a Leviathan twisting through the ancient forests, towards the arena. The kid was irately pulling his father’s turn in an endeavor to show up on schedule. Preventing 100m from the beginning boy’s father gradually bowed down to tie his shoelaces up. By this point the little youngster could see the measure of individuals. Thousands social affair for the match. He started to perspire. His dad rose; he immediately got a handle on his hand and taken care of against the monster figure. Furthermore, pulled. As they pushed through the enormous groups tormenting the passage, a sight like an expanse of tall, blue and white waves colliding with one another, a noisy, new snapping sound rang in his ear. He pointedly turned his head and could see a speaker exclaiming messages that just appeared to be mixed to the energized kid. They sat down for the beginning of the match. With his dad to one side of him, the kid looked across on his right side where he saw a major boned bare supporter, with particular dull glasses, tucking into a Cornish pale. The man brought down his head. As the match advanced the group developed increasingly unsettled. An enormous, dark crow floated over the show off. The boy’s father was squirming continually. Following a couple of moments the dad got up from his seat. † I’ll be a couple of moments child, just got the chance to utilize the toilet.† The little kid resembled a stone on the sea shore rather than the crowd’s participation, which resembled the uneven Rockies. Minutes past and his dad had still not returned. He glanced over on his right side. The man with dull glasses had vanished. A dark cloud disregarded the arena. The kid began to freeze. His pulse soaring, his body trembling and his eyes watering. The arbitrator blew his whistle boisterously to flag half time and the groups began to vanish into the toilets and wiener slows down, into the bars and club shop. In a moment the group had dove in number. He couldn’t see anyone he perceived and he felt so alone. The minutes ticked by, at no other time had he been disregarded so. As the group returned from the ways out, each fan that wasn’t the boy’s Dad resembled a blade in his heart, as difficult as a pig to the butcher. After about surrendering any desire for his dad restoring, the unusual dim glassed man rose up out of the leave, a wide smile all over. As he set himself close to the kid he looked over. † Alright kiddo, are you appreciating yourself?† The little kid, as startled as a feline fleeing from a pooch, reluctantly answered with a gesture. As the match advanced so did the boy’s uneasiness. It had been 30 minutes since his Dad left and the kid was truly beginning to shake. He brought down his head onto his lap and as he lifted it back up he could see a tall, expansive, evil looking Caribbean man with an afro trudging up the means in a fluorescent orange coat. The kid sat up appropriately and the man pressed his way through the situated group and put himself close to the kid. Before the kid could talk he was being hauled away towards the crisis exit and tossed into the rear of a sparkly silver Renault Cleo. The kid didn’t comprehend what was going on and as they went through the entryways of the football arena he could see the thick uncovered man he’d been sitting next excessively gazing at him with his dull concealed glasses. Abruptly I shudder wriggled down the boy’s spine. The vehicle, being driven all the more foolishly constantly, every intersection they went through an uproarious ringing sound would come out of the vehicle. The vehicle, going quicker than the kid was utilized to when his father was driving begun swinging round roundabouts, quickening through motorways and sliding past corners at extraordinary speed. The vehicle at last stopped outside a major four-story fabricating; the kid was quickly raced out of the vehicle and walked into a plain white room where he was left. This room was plain, with five basic seats around an oak table. A couple womens magazines were all that lay upon this outfitted table and it appeared to be an unfathomable length of time for the kid while, he was pausing. The kid didn’t comprehend what was going on; with nothing to do he gazed at the low dividers. He heard the entryway clatter and turned forcefully, the entryway hadn’t been contact. The kid, freezing, raced to the entryway to answer it yet it wouldn’t move. He yanked it. He kicked it. He jumped into it yet it still wouldn’t open. He was going, insane what spot was this? He could see people in wheelchairs and supports sauntering round the spot. Men with head wraps and ladies with there arms in slings. Like clockwork a major streetcar would pass the room. The kid would thump as hard as he could yet at the same time there would be no answer. No one could see him and nobody addressed his cries. As the fourth streetcar surged past it halted simply outside the entryway. A tall, thick moderately aged man ventured off it. The kid in a split second perceived the figure. It was his dad. The entryway was opened quickly and the two were re-joined together. The kid was as yet uncertain what had occurred however he didn’t care in the smallest. â€Å"That wasn’t terrifying at all James, reveal to us another one,† giggled John. â€Å"It was terrifying John, look how terrified Peter is,† â€Å"Peter, what’s the issue that wasn’t as alarming as one of mine.† As the young men looked across to Peter who was shaking like a leaf, the entryway fold flew open as a virus chilling breeze slipping down their spines, and in the entryway laid a couple of dim concealed glasses. Step by step instructions to refer to A short story †Behind the Canvas, Papers

College Board SAT Essay Prompts and Sample Questions - How To Write an Essay With Care

College Board SAT Essay Prompts and Sample Questions - How To Write an Essay With CareCollege Board SAT Essay Prompts and Sample Questions can help you with writing your essay. When taking the SAT, you are given multiple essay prompt questions for a given subject. Knowing how to answer them effectively is a skill you need in order to be able to write a quality essay.There are many different college board sat essay prompts and sample questions that you can use to help you come up with your own essay. Here are just a few of the different types of essay prompts that you will encounter.Writing the Objective: This is one of the most important parts of the essay because it tells the reader exactly what you want them to get out of the essay. If the essay is too general, it is easy to end up with an essay that is lacking in detail and important information. If the essay does not tell the reader how they should feel or where they should go after reading it, then it is unlikely that they will read any of your points. Therefore, making sure that the essay is focused on specific things is vital for writing a quality essay.Writing the Background: Just as you would expect, you should write about why you wrote the essay in the first place. Some examples of this might be so that you can put your name to the thoughts that you have, so that other people will be able to understand your point of view, so that you can say how you feel about the topic, or so that the reader will be able to see why you did what you did. The essay prompt that is best to use for this is the one that tells the reader what they will get out of the essay. If you are not sure about what to do, you can always ask your instructor for their opinion.Writing the Essay Subject: It is easy to get lost in the weeds when writing an essay. However, if you decide to go for the 'lowest common denominator' approach, this can easily get in the way of your content. It is important to avoid this mistake and instead choose the best way to go about discussing your topic. The best essay prompts and sample questions to use are those that explain what you are trying to accomplish with the essay and why.You can find plenty of sample essays that you can use with the college board sat essay prompts and samples. They are offered by various writing and editing services. Additionally, you can visit your local library to see what is available there. However, if you choose to use one that is available online, it is important to make sure that it is actually written by a college professor or teacher. By researching the source, you can be sure that the essay that you write will reflect the opinions of a respected individual who knows the same subject as you do.These are just a few of the many college board sat essay prompts and samples that you can use to help you make the most of your essay. You should always remember that the content should reflect the ideas you have and be specific enough to stand out from the others. If you want to be sure that you write a good essay, you will need to write with care and detail.

The Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay - 772 Words

The mind and motivation of a serial killer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behavior such as: Henry Lucas blamed his upbringing, Jeffrey Dahmer claims he was born with a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“partà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of him missing, Ted Bundy said porno made him do it and John Wayne Gacy turned the blame around and said the victims deserved to die. Many†¦show more content†¦Serial killers are sick people and their numbers seem to be growing. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Serial killers choose victims weaker than themselves. Many times their victims will fit a certain stereotype, which has symbolism for the killer. Ted Bundy killed college age girls with long brown hair. I wonder if he was killing over and over again the girl who broke his heart? Many serial killers will keep quot;souvenirsquot; of their crime, which later refuels the fantasy. When Bundy was asked why he took Polaroids of his victims, he said, quot;When you work hard to do something right, you dont want to forget it.quot; Also, serial killers seek perverse pleasure torturing the victim, even resuscitating them before they are about to die, so they can torture them more. John Wayne Gacy has been known to ask his victims, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Howà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s it feel knowing, your about to dieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and then he strangles them to death. Serial killers need to dominate and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? their victims, yet the victims die; they are once alo ne again, and left with rage and self-hatred. There are six stages of the serial killers cycle; phase one-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the aura phaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, where the killer loses grip on reality, phase two-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the trolling phaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, when the killer searches for a victim, phase three-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the wooing phaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, where the killer lures his victim, phase four-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the captive phaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, when the victim is entrapped, phase five-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the murderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, which is the emotional high for the killer andShow MoreRelatedThe Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesThe mind and motivation of a serial killer Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behavior such as: Henry LucasRead MoreSerial Killers And Murderers : How Can You Tell A Normal Person?844 Words   |  4 Pages2016 Serial Killers and Murderers How can you tell a normal person from a person who is chemically imbalanced? When you are walking in a crowd, do you ever wonder what is going on through these people’s minds? Who are they? Have they ever killed anyone? This is what we are going to talk about, the mind of a murderer. There are many types of murderers. There are mass murderers, spree killers, and serial killers. A mass murderer kills multiple people at one time in one place. A spree killer killsRead MoreSerial Killers Speech1533 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience about Serial Killers. Central Idea: To show my audience why serial killers kill and what motivates them. INTRODUCTION Tell them what you are going to tell them. I. Attention Getter: What would you do as a young college girl at a grocery store walking to your car and you see this handsome middle aged man with a cast on struggling to get his groceries and he ask you for your help. Would you help him? Ted bundy was one of the most famous and handsome serial killers of all time. Read MoreEssay Are Serial Killers Born or Made?1560 Words   |  7 PagesEvidence that was gathered from books such as â€Å"Inside the Minds of Mass Murderers† and â€Å"Inside the Minds of Serial Killers,† both written by Kathertine Ramsland, provide information and evidence that killers are in fact made, not born. Some of the reasons that people believe that killers are made and not born are due to research by many psychiatrists on serial killers and mass murderers who are on death roe that have committed some of the most heinous crimes. One argument is that there is a set ofRead MorePsychological Profile of a Killer1577 Words   |  7 Pageselevation in serial killings. To give some insight into the scale of the problem posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures are available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 are unsolved. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add to this the number of known victims of serial killers, then betweenRead More profile of a killer Essay examples1561 Words   |  7 Pageselevation in serial killings. To give some insight into the scale of the problem posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures are available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 are unsolved. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add to this the number of known victims of serial killers, then betweenRead MoreSerial Killers And Gender Differences Essay974 Words   |  4 Pageseywords: Serial killers, females, psychopathy, archival research Motivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female whoRead MoreSerial Killers And Gender Differences950 Words   |  4 PagesMotivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female who brought the concept of a female serial killer to the public’s attentionRead MoreSerial Killers Statistics : Serial Killer Statistics Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 23). Serial killer statistics. Retrieved July 28, 2016 fromhttp://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Serial%20Killer%20Information%20Center/Serial%20Killer%20Statistics.pdf This article covers serial killers statistics. Many table reports are illustrated with the sole purpose to demonstrate accurate information about serial killers. The tables indicate the frequency (by decade) and the number of separate serial killers operating in any given year in the USA. Beasley II, J. O. (2004). Serial Murder inRead MoreSerial Killers: Are They Born Or Made?. There Are Multiple1230 Words   |  5 PagesSerial Killers: Are They Born or Made? There are multiple theories as to why or how a person can become a serial killer. A serial killer can be a person who murders at least three or more people over a long period of time (Ramsland). Are serial killers born with the need to kill or is it a result of a horrific childhood? These two concepts are associated with the nature vs. nurture theory. â€Å"People on the side of nurture are of the opinion that our environment determines who a person is and becomes†

Substance Abuse and Addiction Essay - 1957 Words

Introduction Substance abuse and addiction have become a social problem that afflicts millions of individuals and disrupts the lives of their families and friends. Just one example reveals the extent of the problem: in the United States each year, more women and men die of smoking related lung cancer than of colon, breast and prostate cancers combined (Kola Kruszynski, 2010). In addition to the personal impact of so much illness and early death, there are dire social costs: huge expenses for medical and social services; millions of hours lost in the workplace; elevated rates of crime associated with illicit drugs; and scores of children who are damaged by their parents’ substance abuse behavior (Lee, 2010). This paper will look at†¦show more content†¦However, the â€Å"Just Say No† campaign championed by former U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan in the 1980s did not appear to significantly reduce drug abuse and addiction (Padgett, 2010). The disease model: This theory states that an individual who abuses drugs requires medical treatment rather than moral punishment or exhortation. This theory also justifies spending money to research substance abuse in the same way that money is spent to research other diseases. However, usually the term disease is reserved for a state in which we can identify an abnormal biochemical or physical condition. No abnormal biochemical or physical condition has been found in the case of substance addiction, although mounting evidence suggests that some individuals are genetically predisposed to addiction more so than others. Nevertheless, this theory continues to appeal to researchers, and an intensive effort is always being made to identify the physiological â€Å"switch† that establishes addiction after exposure to a drug (Lee, 2010). The physical dependence model: This theory, sometimes referred to as the withdrawal avoidance model, is based on the unpleasant withdraw symptoms that can occur when an individual stops taking a drug that they used rather frequently. The specific withdrawal symptoms depend on the drug, but they are often the opposite effect produced by the drug itself. For instance, the withdrawal symptoms of cannabis include irritability,Show MoreRelatedAddiction And Substance Abuse And Addiction Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesNational Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, addiction is defined as a chronic, complex disease which affects the functioning of the ones brain and body (â€Å"What is Addiction,† n.d.). There are more people struggling with abuse and addiction than people that have cancer, heart disease, or even cancer (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,† n.d.). The abuse or addiction of alcohol, nicotine, or other drugs has affected the lives of over 40 million Americans, or more than one in seven people (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,†Read MoreAddiction : Substance Abuse And Addiction1602 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatly by substance abuse and addiction. Not only does it hurt the abuser directly, but it also becomes an enormous financial and social burden on society. Addiction wrecks families, and also highly correlates with poverty because the drug abuser ends up giving everything that they have to keep their addiction going. It also places extraordinarily high demands on the education, criminal justice, and social service systems. Children and babies both are dangerously impacted by the addiction of theirRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Addiction1626 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Substance abuse is an addiction and it is the addition, which is referred to a chronic disease. It is this chronic disease that is a significant and growing issue, especially among family units where either one or two parents and/or parental guardians suffer from. Despite the various and complex reasons that cause the parents or parental guardians to abuse substances, it is their children who suffer thus, significantly affecting the parent/parental guardian and child bonding relationshipRead MoreBehavioral Addictions And Substance Abuse Addictions994 Words   |  4 PagesStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) added gambling disorder to the category titled Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2013) In the previous edition of the DSM, gambling, along with other behavioral addictions were in the Impulse Control Disorders category of the DSM-III and DSM-IV (Clark, 2014). Behavioral Addictions are s aid to be around for hundreds of years. For example, gambling was part of daily life in ancientRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction Counselor1393 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Addiction Counselor Substance abuse as well as addiction is a topic many people choose to ignore or tend to believe that it does not affect them. Addiction itself does not seek out certain types of people but can affect anyone, at any time, for any reason. Stress, per pressure, financial trouble, even genetics all play a role in substance abuse and addiction. Unlike others, I don’t see substance abusers as weak willed but instead in need of guidance and someone to talk to aboutRead MoreIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. Substance abuse can lead to domestic violence, child abuse, suicide, crime, automobile accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy. A particular area of concern of drug use and abuse is the impact of methamphetamine (meth) labs on public safety and the environmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Substance Abuse And Addiction752 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching other uses for this substance until he learned its addictive qualities. Even after he stopped promoting cocaine publically and considered this simply a chapter in his life, his usage did not stop entirely as he continued to use for various expressed reasons. Even in the background of this very subject substance abuse and addiction can be seen whether through research for the greater good that went bad or just addiction in its simple state. Addiction is something that has been an issueRead MoreDrug Addiction And Substance Abuse1808 Words   |  8 PagesAn addict may ask why they are addicted, and others are not. What makes them different, that this disease has taken over their life? Addiction includes biological, psychological, and behavioral factors. It is very dangerous emotionally, psychologically, and physically. Drug addiction or substance abuse is an ongoing uncontrollable need to use drugs, despite the harmful or negative consequences it causes. The person depends on drugs to keep functioning normally as the natural chemical balanceRead MoreSubstance Addictions and Abuse Counseling3641 Words   |  15 Pages Substance Abuse and Addictions Counseling Bristina Strzelecki Liberty University Abstract Substance abuse and addictions counseling is a newer counseling field. Although it is fairly new, there is so much research and so many guidelines to help someone make it through as a substance abuse and addictions counselor. It holds a great importance and people should be aware of the severity of substance abuse and addiction. This field has severalRead MoreThe Addiction Epidemic Of Substance Abuse Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Addiction Epidemic The use of substances for physical, mind and social advantage has been around since the beginning of documented history. Contemporary use of prescription medication for these advantages has led to a national epidemic of substance abuse. Health care providers need to recognize the disease process of addiction in order to effectively combat the growing epidemic of substance use disorders (SUD). Strategies to decrease the prevalence and incidence of SUD include defining addiction

Sibling Rivalry (330 words) Essay Example For Students

Sibling Rivalry (330 words) Essay Sibling RivalrySibling RivalrySibling rivalry is as natural as the human tendency to solve problems through war and bloodshed. Throughout time siblings have competed against each other in every matter imaginable. These competitions sometimes result in happy, memorable times and sometime cause life altering consequences. The causes of the rivalry seem to be about differences in personality, people and experiences outside the family, or the need to be distinguished. It is particularly intense when siblings are very close in age or desire the same thing. No sibling rivalry among mortals or immortals was more well-known, more violent, and lengthy than the rivalry between Ares and Athena. Ares was the god of war and his half-sister Athena was the goddess of war. They share Zeus, the king of the gods, as their father.Ares mother is the queen of the gods, Hera, while Athenas mother was the titan Metis. Both of them held powers in the different aspects of war. Ares was the god of war who in detail was more interested in the bloodshed, fear, and savagery of warfare. He is portrayed as a ruthless god with power which he uses to strike fear into the hearts of his enemies and he uses a barbaric fighting style. His lack of cleverness, wisdom, and over dependence on raw power made him easily outwitted. However Athena was a skilled fighter who enjoyed the intellectual side of war. She, unlike Ares, had principles such as justice, wisdom, and courage. She was interested in planning, tactics, and deliberate moves forward to execute a strategic war. She was worshipped in many cities of the Greeks who, due to her wise skills and love of peace, favored her more than the barbaric Are s. The great city state of Athens was named after Athena and the Parthenon was built in her honor. Ares however was worshipped by the militaristic city-state of Sparta and by the women warriors called the Amazons. Because of their different approaches to

Trade Pattern of Pakistan Essay Example

Trade Pattern of Pakistan Paper TRADE PATTERN OF PAKISTAN TRADE At the international level, trade means both export and import. The word Export can be defined as commercial sale of goods, services and financial assets in the international market. Export refers to the value of goods and non-factor services that one country produces and sells to the rest of the world. It includes merchandise, freight, insurance, travel, and other non-factor services whereas the repetition of the same phenomena with the intention of purchasing from the international market is declared as imports International Trade of Pakistan (an overview): The nature of foreign trade gives a fairly good indication of pattern and nature of  economies. As this sector has proved itself as a driving force in the development, we can distinguish developing countries from developed ones based upon their volume of  trade. Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on August 14, 1947. In the beginning, it was a poor and agricultural based economy but now the conditions are different and Pakistan is on the track of development. According to the most recent statistics, Pakistans GDP is US$161. 9 billion and the share of Pakistan in international trade0. 22%, hence Pakistan is considered a small country in international market. In the early years, potential of available resources could not be exploited in a better  way, which later on, proved a major factor for slowing down the pace of development. That sluggish development resulted in small exportable surpluses, which delayed the stage of quantum development in Pakistan. In 1950-51 Pakistan exported products worth of 1343 million rupees whereas during the decade of 1950s, exports decreased by 43. 18%. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Pattern of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Pattern of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Pattern of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, in the decade of development under Ayub Khans regime, industry was established and nature of production changed, so did that of trade. In 1960-61exports were recorded as Rs. 763 million, showing a declining trend earlier on but shortly regained the momentum and during the decade of 1960s exports increased by 161. 88% The pattern of trade took a different shape after 1971, when Bangladesh was created, because the contribution of East Pakistan in Pakistans trade and foreign exchange had been quite substantial. In the decade of 1970s exports increased from Rs. 1. 99 billion to Rs. 29. 28 billion and reached at Rs. 138. 8 billion in the 1990-91. The figure rose up toRs. 560. 94 billion in the year 2001-02 whereas according to the most recent statistics, in the year 2003-04, Pakistans exports are recorded as $10 billion showing an increase of  13. 1% from the last fiscal year. PAKISTANS PATTERN OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE If we look back at the trade of Pakistan, we find that except for first decade, our exports have ever increased, but Alas! We could not cut down our imports; hence the result is negative trade balance. Except for 1950-51 and 1972-73, the balance of trade has been negative, implying that Pakistan always imported more than its exports. Even then exports have made a large contribution to the economy of Pakistan and have proved to be the backbone of the economy. The composition of Pakistani exports has changed significantly over the years. The principal changes have been the steep fall in the shares of primary and semi manufactured exports and equally sharp increase in the share of manufactured exports. In the early years, share of primary goods was more than semi manufactured and manufactured goods. In the very beginning, 99% of Pakistani exports were made up of  just five primary commodities i. . raw jute, raw cotton, raw wool, hides and tea. So, Pakistan fits the classical case of an unindustrialized, undeveloped country, in the very early years producing and exporting only primary products and mainly dependent on climatic conditions. Over the time, the pattern of trade changes as countries move from primary products to finished manufactured goods and their imports change from consumer goods to capital goods. Si milarly, changes began to occur in the pattern of exports from Pakistan as economic policies shifted towards industrialization. By 1951-52, the five main primary commodities contributed 93% in export earnings, which by 1958-59 had fallen to 75% and further to 45% in 1971-72. It continued decreasing and it was recorded as 19% in1991-92 and according to the most recent statistics, the share of primary commodities, semi manufactured and manufactured goods in the year 2003-04 is 10%, 12% and78%, respectively CRITICAL REVIEW OF PAKISTANS TRADE PATTERN Although, we have made much progress in our exports but even yet we have to walk for  a long distance on the way of progress. Our exports, like other eveloping countries, are facing several hurdles in the way of development. For instance, production efficiency of  Pakistani industry is low and per unit cost is very high, hence our goods are not being efficiently demanded at local market as well as in international market because of their  high prices. Stagnation in the economy and recession in production activity cause fewer  exports. There is a great dearth of foreign direct investment in Pakistan due to which new industries cant be established and flourished. Pakistan is facing the problem of export concentration both in terms of products and markets. This situation can be explained with the fact that Pakistani exports are highly concentrated in 5 commodities and to 7countries only. Moreover, lesser value addition and exports of traditional items caused trade deficit. Exchange rate also affects the quality of exports. Continuous devaluation in the era of 90s caused an increase in exports but at the same time, no attention was paid to developing and flourishing the industry, hence the result was increase in imports. Furthermore, the devaluation of rupee has inflated production cost of export commodities. Political instability, religious fanaticism with kidnapping and murder of foreign personnel in Pakistan, has caused threats to foreign investment. Now with the efforts of present government, we have almost regained the confidence of foreign investor, which was shattered when we seized the foreign currency accounts in June 1998. After that FDI became more difficult and bumpy due to 9/11 and murder of some Chinese engineers On the other side, Pakistani exports are highly concentrated in a few items namely cotton, leather, rice, and synthetic textiles and sports goods. These five categories of  exports accounted for about 79. 8% of total exports during 2003-04. Among these categories cotton group alone contributed 62. 5%, followed by leather 5. 3%, rice 5. 2%,synthetic textile 4. 2% and sports goods 2. 6%. The degree of concentration of these items during 2003-04 remained closed to the last years level. Furthermore, concentration of exports in a few items is a major source of instability in export earnings. A poor cotton crop seriously affects total export proceeds, as it has been observed several times in the past. Cotton always has been a major export of Pakistan with62. 5% share in total exports in 2003-04, while in 1990-91 it was 61. 0%. Pakistan is trading with large number of countries but its exports and imports are highly concentrated in few countries slightly above one half of exports went to seven countries namely: USA, Hong Kong, Dubai, Japan, Germany, UK and Saudi Arabia. Among these countries the share of Pakistani exports to USA has been rising while that of Japan has exhibited a continuous decline, mainly on account of a protected recession in the Japanese economy. In 1990-91, major markets of Pakistani exports like USA contributed 10. 8%share in total exports and Germany, Japan, UK, Hong Kong, Dubai and Saudi Arabia contributed 8. 9, 8. 3, 7. 3, 6. 0, 2. 8, and 3. 6% respectively. These seven markets contributed a total share of 47. 7%. By and large, the same trend continued during 2003-04, having total share of 52. 8% by these countries including 23. 6% by US,5. 0 by Germany, 1. 1 by Japan, 7. 5 by UK, 4. 9 by Hong Kong, 7. 7 by Dubai and 3% by Saudi Arabia